The African-American Juvenile Offenders Essay Example for Free

The African-American Juvenile Offenders Essay The African-American juvenile offenders are those who are usually held responsible of any chaos in a society. The notion that they are bad elements of the society won’t stop long as there are instances that they are the ones who are involved. Media through science and technology have paved the way for any news to spread like a fire in every corner of the world. Most often than not, especially the issue United States is going through, these African-Americans are in their top list, thinking that they can never keep up with the native Americans. Before going into the main topic, let us define what juvenile delinquency is. It is the behavior of a minor or those who are under 18 years of age that is against the law – these â€Å"juvenile delinquents† had violated the welfare of people in general in a given society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When these African-American juvenile offenders had committed acts that are unlawful, most probably they will be punished according to the set law of a society depending on the degree of the crime they had committed. The society always dictates how to punish juvenile offenders so does those who are not considered juvenile. There are social reforms for children in lieu to the juvenile justice-state-sanction, this aim to tap and solve the problems of juvenile which resulted to their anti-social behavior. For example in the United States, there are two cities that have been crowded with African-American juvenile offenders. There had been studies to solve this problem and how to better treat these juvenile offenders. It shows that African-American juvenile offenders are punished according to the damage they have caused. Thus it will reflect on the upbringing of these juvenile offenders. It is known that they are one of the underprivileged groups in the society. It shows that they live based on their own means without the major help of their parents. Their numbers are growing because most of them lack the chance of going to school and not knowing the benefits of family planning. They also can not keep up with the fast changing world and the advancement of technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are the reasons why these juvenile offenders needed to have a thorough attention to address their problems that have caused them to be offenders themselves. Reference:   Span, Christopher M. (2002). Educational and Social Reforms for African-American Juvenile Delinquents in 19th Century New York City and Philadelphia Retrieved January 08, 2007, 2007   from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3626/is_200207/ai_n9085485  Ã‚  Springer, David. (2004). Factors Predicting Treatment Retention among High-Risk Mexican American and African American Juvenile Offenders Retrieved January 08, 2007, 2007, from http://www.utexas.edu/research/cswr/nida/springerPage1.html

Society of American Naturalist Essay Example for Free

Society of American Naturalist Essay Different organisms live in a specific place in the biosphere called their habitat. Through the course of evolution, species have adapted to their environment by growing certain physical structures or developing certain characteristics. Factors such as availability of resources (such as light intensity, water availability and others) contribute to the success of survival among species in the biosphere (Regents prep, 2003). Also, biotic relationships (such as competition, mutualism and others) interact to the dynamics of species survival. Certain species of plants grow abundantly in certain areas only of the biosphere. Some grasses grow abundantly in area where there is ample source of sunlight, but does not grow within forest beds where sunlight is scarce. In the same way, succulent herbs and vines are not commonly seen in dry area like the grassland. This exercise aims to characterize the effect of light intensity to the survival of grassland monocots. Hypothesis Limit in the availability of resources would cause decrease in species productivity and may reduce their chance of survival. For plants that are adapted to direct sunlight exposure may not be able to survive when placed in an environment where there is less amount of light. Methods For this experiment, effects of changes in lighting condition to grassland plant will be tested. To do this, find a grassland area (or any area that are exposed to direct sunlight most time of the day) and select species of low growing monocots. The area should be occupied dominantly by a single species in order to make easy observation. Measure six feet by six feet (6 x 6 ft) working area. Using small peg and nylon string mark the boundary and divide the working area into four equal quadrants. Tag the quadrants as area I, II, II and IV as shown in figure 1. I II III IV Figure 1. Working quadrant in grassland area. Using long sticks and cheesecloth (or any material that would cast greater shadow), make a tent over quadrant III and IV making sure that quadrant I and II are not shaded. The tent will simulate shaded condition and limit sunlight exposure for species in quadrant III and IV, while ensuring that other condition such as, humidity, mineral and water contents of soil and interacting species (insects and other plants) are held constant. In making the canopy, leave at least half foot (0. 5 ft) gap above the tip of the grass so that air can circulate in the area and will not cast shadow in area I and II when direction of sunlight changes. Quadrant I serve as the control while quadrant II serves as a duplicate for the control. Quadrant III is the experimental and quadrant IV is the duplicate. Make a table and list the initial condition of the selected grass species found in all quadrants. Take note of the time observation was made and the condition of the environment such as temperature of the surrounding air and the soil, humidity. Measure the difference in the amount of light in each quadrant. For two weeks, observe any changes in the condition of the grasses, such as leaf color and turgidity in all quadrants. Collect data every two days, preferably the same time when the set up was made. Predictions There will be noticeable changes in the condition of plans found in the given set up. Because these plants are not adapted in colder or shaded area, most leaves of grasses III and IV would have turned yellow and noticed decrease in their turgidity. Some leaves may have already dried out because photosynthesis is not carried out in its maximum potential. Grasses found on quadrants I and II should have remained the same condition as the start of the setup, because all factors necessary for its survival is available. Conclusions A change in the environmental condition and limit of resources affects the chance of species survival. Plants that are found in grassland area that are adapted to prolonged sunlight exposure may not be able to survive when placed in an area where there is a limited supply of sunlight. Part II Evolution of Resistant Bacteria Mutation of infectious bacteria to a resistant strain seems impossible to stop. Biological species are not fixed entities and are subject to ongoing modification through chance and adaptation (Society of American Naturalist, 1998). Organisms (such as bacteria) interact with its environment (their host and medicines) in a very dynamic way that it is biological phenomenon to adapt to these changes. Therefore, evolution of mutant genomes is inevitable. In natural environment, formation of resistant form of bacteria had been found. Antibiotics produced naturally by the soil, waste products and treatment waste are also contributes to evolution of these organisms. Since there is no way of stopping evolution, the only possible solution to this problem is to slower down its process. Though there is no possible way to quantize the evolution process or exactly measure its progress, it is the idea of determining the key point in the evolution process and tackles the issue at that point. Resistant forms of bacteria comes form strains that are not fully killed by antibiotics. There are cases when a patient was instructed to take medicine for a certain period but discontinue taking the medication when they feel that they are already well. However, they do not know that bacteria causing their sickness were just dormant or too few to cause illness. Or some resort to self medication by taking readily available over the counter antibiotics. Medical professionals on the other hand contribute to the matter. Administering prescription drug has been a normal way in treating diseases. However, because of prolonged use to these antibiotics, resistant forms of bacteria evolve. There is theoretical evidence proving application of selective pressure (such as antibiotics in food animals) will result in drug resistance by pathogens attacking human. It may not be easy to get direct evidence but this could help in development of policies (Leidberg, 1997, p. 419). Educating the public about the risk of self medication and drug resistance is a good step. Including this topic to academic lessons is also a good way in reaching peoples attention. Also, it is not just the public who should be serious about his matter. Medical professionals should also be aware of the risk involve in prescribing common antibiotics to most illness. After all, they are the ones that have direct knowledge about medicines and illnesses. Doctors are the ones who can control the prescription of antibiotics and how it should be taken by their patients. References Society of American Naturalist. (1998, December 23). Evolution, Science and Society: Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://www. rci. rutgers. edu/~ecolevol/execsumm. html Lederberg, J. (1997). Infectious Disease as an Evolutionary Paradigm. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3(4), 417-423. Regents Prep (2003) Living Environment: Ecology: Biotic vs. Abiotic. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://regentsprep. org/Regents/biology/units/ecology/biotic. cfm

Nat Traversal For Video Streaming Applications Information Technology Essay

Nat Traversal For Video Streaming Applications Information Technology Essay Video streaming is considering one of the famous technologies which is used today. It provides the ability to playback video files remotely through computer networks. The demand for this technology is rapidly increasing due to wide spread of Internet and increasing of the network bandwidth[1] While HTTP protocol uses one TCP port at the transport layer, RTP can use many ports. RTP can use UDPs or TCPs ports at the transport layer depending on how much the packet path is suffered from packet loss [2]. In low packets loss environment, the use of RTP over UDP protocol is preferable, since in media streaming, the small ratio of packets loss better than packets delay. Hence, the higher reliability of the TCP is not desired[3]. UDP/RTP has also the multicasting feature and has the ability to deal with real time communication due to its features in bandwidth, jitter, reliability and end nodes processing. RTP/TCP can cause the video streaming to suffer from discontinuity because the need to retransmission and reordering the packets, whereas RTP/UDP can suffer from dropping the packets by some filters (firewalls) in the Internet Service Provider (ISPs). Some ISPs drop UDP packets because they are connectionless hence unfair against TCP traffic. They also need high processing power and memory to ensure security [4]. But the main issue that can occur is when using the RTP with the Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT drops any RTP/UDP or RTP/TCP packets that are initialized from the outside (Internet) when incoming to the end-systems (behind the NAT). The NAT is a technology that permits many computers on the same network to share a public Internet Protocol (IP) address for accessing the Internet. The main reason behind the wide spread of using the NAT is the limited number of the available IPv4 addresses [5]. The use of RTP/UDP or RTP/TCP video streaming is started with a TCP connection that is established by a request from the client to the server, after initial negotiation using the RTSP protocol on the same established TCP channel, the server starts video streaming through UDP or TCP ports initialized from the server not through the original RTSP/TCP channel [2]. The NAT permits to pass the outgoing connections requests from a host behind the NAT into the outside network (like Internet) [6], however it does not permit to pass any connection request from the outside network (like Internet) to any host behind the NAT [7]. This is because the translation table entry is constructed only when a client (behind the NAT) initializes a request to connect to a host on the outside network (Internet) [8], [9]. If the initialized request came from a host on the outside network of the NAT into the inside network, the NAT cannot identify the destination host for this request and the connection between the outside host and the inside one cannot be occur [8], [10]. Regarding to the RTP/UDP video streaming, the NAT will not allow the UDP video streaming channels to pass to the client behind the NAT, since the RTP/UDP channels are initially established from the server (on the Internet). Considering the RTP weakness points, the HTTP protocol, is the preferable choice for video streaming. However, HTTP protocol also has known weakness points: the user can suffer from quality reduction and playback discontinuity due to the probing behaviour of TCP protocol. This can also cause an oscillating throughput and slow recovery of the packet rate. In contrast, the UDP protocol provides a mean to keep the desired sending rate constant. It also keeps streaming smooth and eliminates the TCP related processing. This paper presents a novel method to utilize the benefits of both TCP and UDP. The proposed method enables NAT traversal by converting each RTP/UDP and RTCP/UDP packet into fake TCP packet just before being sent (at data link layer) by adding a fabricated TCP header before each UDP video streaming packet and making the necessary modifications to the length and checksums fields. These fabricated TCP packets will pass the NAT, since they will be transmitted on the channel (IP, TCP port) that firstly initialized (RTSP/TCP channel) by the client behind the NAT. In this paper, this channel is called the active channel. The receiver, on the other side has to restore the original UDP packet before being processed by the corresponding transport layer. The restoration is based on a specific signature. In order to restore the packets, every fabricated TCP packet has to have a known signature. Depending on that signature, the receiver will restore the original packet. All of the previous changes are performed at the data link layer. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section II, looks at some related work. In section III, the proposed methodology and algorithm are presented. In section IV, the experiments of the implemented proposed method and its discussions are described. In section V, the evaluation of the proposed method and comparisons between the proposed method and the existing technologies are presented. The paper is concluded is section VI. Related work Limited to our knowledge, no many similar works are presented. However, [4] present a method to overcome the RTP/UDP issues by putting a proxy server between the client and the streaming server (at the global network). The proxy receives a HTTP request (TCP) from the client and translates it to a RTSP/RTP request to the server (TCP+UDP). The proxy has two different connections (one for the client and the other for the streaming serve). The main function of the proxy is to translate the HTTP streaming protocol into RTSP/RTP streaming protocol. This can overcome the NAT problem due to that the HTTP request (TCP) is initialized by the client and the reply will pass through the same TCP port. However a third device is needed. In addition it is still using the constraints of the TCP between the proxy and the client (e.g. retransmission and reordering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc) (in addition to the increase of traffic to the network). Another issue is that there are too many operations in order to convert a complete application protocol into another one. Beside, this method loses the real time property that is needed for end to end communication because all the packets mush be forwarded at the proxy server. Proposed Methodology In this work, both the client and the server are assumed to convert all the RTP/UDP streaming packets into fabricated TCP packets that can be sent to the other side using the active channel. This fabrication process which is implemented for Windows Operating System (OS) requires a full control of the incoming/outgoing packets. However, there is the issue of source code of the TCP/IP (non open source for Windows OS) is not readily accessible and Windows does not allow the manipulation of the packets in any TCP/IP protocol suite from level above the TCP/IP driver layer. To overcome the inaccessibility issue, a hooking technique is used in order to control the (frame/packet) at the point that links between the protocol driver and the NIC card(s), which is represented by the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS). Hooking is a technique that can convert the calling of one operating system function into a new one that in turn calls the original one. The new function can do extra job before moving the execution to the original. This can be done without the need for the source code of the original [11]. The proposed modules is implemented and run in windows user mode. When the module can hook the NDIS, it can monitor, control, add, and modify the NDIS incoming/outgoing packets easily. The NDIS-Hooking driver inserts itself between TCP/IP and all of the adapters that bind with it as shown in figure (1). Figure 1. NDIS hooking driver with relation to user mode When TCP/IP sends a packet, it reaches the NDIS-Hooking driver (as a frame) before sending to the adapter. Likewise, packets that are to be indicated (received) on TCP/IP will go to the NDIS-Hooking driver first. The fabricated TCP header is inserted/deleted in the data link frame, this means that the original RTP/UDP protocol is used without modification. Nonetheless the fabricated packets can still bypass the NAT as authenticated ones. Figure 2. Proposed frame structure As these extra bytes (fabricated TCP header) will add when the packet is in the data link layer, this may cause the packet to exceed the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the network. Since, no packet must exceed the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the network [12], [13], therefore, the senders MTU must be decreased by length of the fabricated TCP header length (20 bytes). The whole proposed system is composed of two main modules. The first module resides on the streaming client while the second resides on the streaming server. Figure (3) shows the video streaming network topology. Figure 3. Video streaming network topology Each module consists of the following components: A component (hooking function in Fig. 1) that makes the access to the frame at the data link layer. This component accesses the frames in data link layer which is in the kernel mode and moves it into the user mode and vice versa. A component that finds the required frame based on its content. This component extracts the specified packets from the frames which have to be changed (fabricated/restored) depending on sending direction (income/outcome). A component that makes the required modifications (fabricating/restoring) to the predetermined packets. This component changes the predetermined packets depending the sending direction (send/receive). In sending, the component changes the RTP/UDP packet into fabricated TCP packet. In receiving, the component restores the fabricated TCP packet into its original RTP/UDP content. This component also re-computes length and checksums. Client Side Module As mentioned earlier, the module has to access the kernel (at data link layer). This is done by accessing the NDIS driver. The module listens until a packet event has occurred. There are two possible scenarios: Incoming packet: If the packet is coming from the streaming server, then the program will look for the TCP that contains an RTSP packet. If this RTSP packet contains both the clients and servers streaming ports, then record this connections information into an array. This is happened normally at the setup phase of the RTSP connection. Later (when the RTP packet used), the client will check every TCP packet if it contains a specified signature. If this signature is raised (in the TCP header), this mean that this TCP packet is fabricated and it contains the original RTP/UDP packet. The program will remove the TCP header and recomputed the UDP and IP checksums. All these steps are done before sending the packet to the rest of TCP/IP protocol stack Outgoing packet: If the packet is outgoing to the streaming server and the outgoing packet was a RTP/UDP packet, then insert a new fabricated TCP header before the UDP header. This fabricated TCP header contains the TCP connection information taken from the appropriate record from an array containing all streaming connections details. This TCP header also contains a specified signature that has to been recognized from the streaming server in order to return the packet back to its original RTP/UDP packet. This operation also needs to recompute the checksums. All these steps are done before sending the packet to the adapter. Figure 4 shows the flowchart of client side module. Figure 4. Flowchart of the client side module Server Side Module In server side module, steps similar to the client are also implemented. The difference is that the system gets the RTSP connections details from the outgoing TCP packet instead of incoming TCP packet in the client. Figure (5) shows the flowchart of the main steps of the server module. Figure 5. Flowchart of the server side module Experiments and discussions Experiments Setup In this experiment, we use three PCs running windows XP. Two PCs with one LAN card (client and the server). The other PC (working as a NAT) contains two LAN cards. RedMug streaming server commercial software is used on the server site. The VLC media player (version 1.0.5) is used on the client side. The VLC media player is set to use the RTSP protocol by giving a URL of one movie on the streaming server. The proposed method (client and server modules) is implemented in VC++.Net Framework and it is running in windows OS environment in user mode. A windows device driver (Windows Packet Filter Kit winpkfilter 3.0 from NT Kernel Resources, http://www.ntkernel.com) is used for the hooking purpose. Experimental Results and Discussion In the first experiment (before using the proposed method), the client tries to access the movie on the streaming server using the above system configuration. The connections establishment and the video streaming negotiations between the client and the server are established normally. However, the connection fails at the stage of data streaming transformation (see Fig. 6). Figure 6. Connection breakdown when data streaming transforming began (server side) The reason for the success of the initialization of the client-server connection and all the negotiations needed to transfer the video streaming are that the connection request is a TCP and the initialization is coming from the client (behind the NAT) and the video streaming negotiations are done by the RTSP that uses the active channel. However, the client could not receive the video streaming data since the NAT dropped the RTP/UDP video streaming packets. The client then sends a teardown command to inform the server that the negotiation is over. The client starts one additional negotiation tries before it close the connection. In the second experiment, we used the proposed clients and server modules. After running, the two modules start monitoring the data link frames. The client monitors the outgoing streaming request while the server monitors the incoming streaming request. When the client request a video streaming from the server, The connections establishment and the video streaming negotiations between the client and the server are established normally and the client starts to display the video streaming data as shown if figure (7A and 7B). FEATURE HTTP RTP/TCP RTP/UDP PROPOSED METHOD Directional Bidirectional Bidirectional Uniary Uniary Playback hiccups Yes Yes No No Quality Reductions Yes Yes No No Oscillating throughput Yes Yes No No Slow recovery Yes Yes No No ISP firewall Traverse Traverse Blocked Traverse NAT traversal Yes No No Yes End-to-End Delay Long Long Short Short Window buffer and reordering Yes Yes No No Streaming method Downloading or progressive Streaming Streaming Streaming Figure 7A. Connection still active when the data streaming are transforming (server side) Figure 8B. Video streaming is displayed in the client (behind the NAT) When negotiation is captured, the host records the connection details: IP, TCP port and the streaming UDP ports. The host will insert the fabricated TCP header (after the UDP header) in the video streaming packet before sending it. The reason for the success of transforming the streaming data is that the sending host converts each streaming UDP packet into a fabricated TCP packet that bypasses the NAT because it uses the active channel. The receiving host in turn restores the fabricated TCP packet into the UDP streaming data at the data link layer before sending it to the upper layer. Evaluation A comparison between our proposed method and the existing technologies is presented in Table 1. The proposed method has several advantages over the existing technologies, although the new packet size is 20 bytes larger than the normal RTP/UDP packet, but less compared with the HTTP. This has a little impact on the network performance. The proposed method can traverse the video streaming over all types of NAT. It can also traverse the firewall that blocks the UDP ports that RTP may use, common with home Internet gateway. Streaming might fail at times even if the gateway has a built-in RTSP NAT. Reference [4] utilizes the two streaming protocols separately by using a third device (proxy) between the client and server (every side with whole streaming protocol advantages and disadvantages), the proposed method utilizes the benefits of the RTP and HTTP protocols without using any extra device. Table I. CURRENT AND PROPOSED METHOD COMPARISON Conclusion The two main transport layer protocols: TCP and UDP can be used in streaming but with the whole advantages and disadvantages of using that protocol. In this paper, a new method is presented and implemented that can merge some advantages of both protocols. It enables the client and server to use UDP advantages in each side for streaming. Both client and server gains scalability by not having to deal with some TCP processing feature (e.g. Acknowledgement and window buffering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc). In the other hand, utilize the benefit of the TCP advantages to traverse the NAT and the firewall. In other words, the stream is not discarded and traverses the NAT and the firewall. The experimental results show that the new method achieves the firewall traversal and Nat traversal even with the most difficult NAT (symmetric NAT).

Audrey Hofstadter Summary: The Founding Fathers: The Age of Realism E

Audrey Hofstadter Summary: The Founding Fathers: The Age of Realism Summary of Section: I The reasoning behind the Constitution of the United States is presented as 'based upon the philosophy of Hobbes and the religion of Calvin. It assumes the natural state of mankind in a state of war, and that the carnal mind is at enmity with God.' Throughout, the struggle between democracy and tyranny is discussed as the Founding Fathers who envisioned the Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787 believed not in total democracy, but instead saw common man as selfish and contemptuous, and therefore in need of a 'a good political constitution to control him.' Being a largely propertied body, with the exception of William Few, who was the only one who could honestly be said to represent the majority yeoman farmer class, the highly privileged classes were fearful of granting man his due rights, as the belief that 'man was an unregenerate rebel who has to be controlled' reverberated. However, the Fathers were indeed ?intellectual heirs? of the seventeenth-century England republicanism with its opposition to arbitrary rule and faith in popular sovereignty. Thus, the paradoxical fears of the advance in democracy, and of a return to the extreme right emerged. The awareness that both military dictatorship and a return to monarchy were being seriously discussed in some quarters propelled the Constitutional framers such as John Jay to bring to attention. II Consistent to eighteenth-century ethos left the Constitution-makers with great faith in universals. They believed in an inexorable view of a self-interested man. Feeling that all me were naturally inclined to be bad they sought a compromising system of checks and balances for government. This was bolstered by the scientific work by Newton, ?in which metaphors sprang as naturally to mens minds as did biological metaphors in the Darwinian atmosphere of the late nineteenth century.? Therefore Madison and others thought to squelch the possibly dangerous majority by setting up a large number and variety of local interests, so that the people will ?be unable to concert and carry into effect their scheme of oppression.? And thus, chief powers went to the propertied. III Constitutional format was a series of ironical statements, as it stands in ?direct antithesis to American democratic f... ...anced. Governeur Morris understood that, ?Wealth tends to corrupt the mind and to nourish its love of power, and to stimulate it to oppression. History proves this to be the spirit of the opulent.? Therefore as seen with the second quote, Hofstadter is emphasizing the compromise in leaving a form of representative government as well as having a strong federal government in that ?its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places.? Therefore they saw it as in their form of a small direct democracy the unstable passions of the people would dominate law making; but a representative government, as Madison stated, would ?refine and enlarge the public views by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens.? John Adams finally pointed out in Defence of the Constitution of Government of the United States that the split in assembly would stop the rich from ?plundering the poor, and vice versa,? wit h an impartial executive armed with the veto power. Thus, what radiates from such actions was the achievement of neutralization. Bibliography: Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition.

Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood as an African Feminist Text Ess

Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood as an African Feminist Text Upon my first reading of Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood, I immediately rejoiced--in this novel, I had finally encountered an account of a female protagonist in colonial and postcolonial African life. In my hands rested a work that gave names and voices to the silent, forgotten mothers and co-wives of novels by male African writers such as Chinua Achebe. Emecheta, I felt, provided a much-needed glimpse into the world of the African woman, a world harsher than that of the African male because woman is doubly marginalized. As a female in Africa, the opposite of male, woman suffers sexual oppression; as an African, the opposite of white in an ever-colonized nation, the African woman also suffers racial oppression. Nnu Ego, Emecheta's protagonist, became at once for me the poster female of Africa, a representative of all subjugated African women, and her story alerted me to all the wrongs committed against African women, wrongs that could only be righted through feminist discours e. As with many surface readings I have performed as a student of literature, however, my perspective on The Joys of Motherhood began to evolve. First, I realized and accepted Nnu Ego's failure to react against oppressive forces in order to bring about change for herself and the daughters of Africa; I consoled myself, reasoning that the novel still deserves the feminist label because it calls attention to the plight of the African woman and because its author and protagonist are female. Rereading the novel, however, also triggered the silencing of my initial response. I focused on such passages as the dying wish of Ona, Nnu Ego's mother, who implored Agbadi, Nnu Ego's father, ... ...econd African Writers Conference, Stockholm, 1986. Ed. Kirsten Holst Petersen. Upsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1998. 173-202. ---. The Joys of Motherhood. New York: George Braziller, 1979. Nnoromele, Salome C. "Representing the African Woman: Subjectivity and Self in The Joys of Motherhood." Critique 43.2 (2002): 178-190. Ogundipe-Leslie, Molora. "The Female Writer and Her Commitment." Women in African Literature Today. Ed. Eldred Durosimi Jones. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987. 5-14. Okeke, Phil E. "Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria." Africa Today 47.1 (2000): 49-63. Schipper, Mineke. "Mother Africa on a Pedestal: The Male Heritage in African Literature and Criticism." Women in African Literature Today. Ed. Eldred Durosimi Jones. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987. 35-53.

Chopins Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation :: Chopin Lilacs Essays

Chopin's Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   When the theologian Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza writes that the myth of the Virgin Mary "sanctions a deep psychological and institutional split" (59) among women in the Catholic tradition, she captures what Kate Chopin also captured in her story "Lilacs." There, sisterhood between secular and religious women appears fragmented and nearly impossible. To scrutinize the division, Kate Chopin fashions her story around the portion of the Virgin Mary myth told in St. Luke's gospel of the Annunciation of the birth of Jesus spoken to Mary by the archangel Gabriel. Working with that text, "Lilacs" mocks a tradition prizing virginity and separating the cloistered from the secular. Irony prevails, but so too does the sorrow born of religious restraint and condemnation. From the tension in the Annunciation between the virginal and the non-virginal comes ages of women divided from one another on the basis of chastity and divided internally into spiritual and physical selves.    Chopin's "Lilacs" plays out this division on the grounds of a Sacred Heart convent and in the apartments of a Parisian mondaine to question whether a life almost wholly spiritual or a life almost wholly physical can be anything but the subject of ridicule. The narrator tempts us to enjoy the ridicule only to have us feel more painfully at the story's end the dolorous effects of con strained desire, effects which diminish both nun and secular woman.    As a story that draws so heavily on the details and symbols of the Annunciation story, "Lilacs," we could assume, would want to remind us of Mary's (and, by extension, woman's) salvific role as the vessel chosen by God to ensure humankind's redemption. But "Lilacs" fails to announce the good news for women as it sees too clearly that what was salvific for humankind ended up dividing women within themselves and within the Catholic tradition because of that tradition's insistence on Mary's virginity before and after childbirth. This insistence separated the ideal virginal mother from real women and mothers whose joyously experienced sexuality closed the doors to work within the clerical ministry even until today. The Annunciation story for Kate Chopin is a story told at the expense of women's sexuality and spirituality, full and complementary as they might have been. The notion of a failed annunciation, then, opens "Lilacs": "Mme. Adrienne Farival never announced her coming.

The 3 piglets

Three little pigs story and movie In the movie of the three little pigs there were very much similarities from the book to the movie. In the book the three little pigs they all had tried to build different types of houses and they also did in the movie. In the book and the movie neither of the piglets had friends. Also the book and the movie both had the wolf in it.The wolf was quite clever and persuading towards the piglets in both the movie and the story. The wolf also say his famous line in the movie that he says in the book â€Å"If you do not open this door I will huff and puff and blow your house down†. Between the movie and the book there were plenty of differences. The piglets had different names in the movie as well. The setting was even different. The setting of the movie took place in â€Å"Camp Peggy† and the setting off the book was in the woods.The first pig name was Emerald Sucker-pork she was very wealthy and she did not ave many friends because she had whatever every other piglet had but twice as much. It is safe to say that she was spoiled. The second piglet was named Barbecue. She was a model who had gotten too skinny because she taken more baths than the usual pig. The third pig name was breadcrumb. Breadcrumb was Vietnamese she had no family and she was homeless but something she did have was a good personality. She also knew tikwan pig dow.In the movie they also built their houses ifferent. The 1st pig built her house made of pearls and diamonds but in the book the 1st pig built her house out of hay. In the movie the 2nd pig built her house of cookies, cakes and candy. However in the book the 2nd piglet built her house out of sticks but the 3rd piglets both built there house out of bricks. I think that the third piglets was the smartest. My conclusion is that even though they had many differences the concept was the same it was Just told in a different way.